o Seat student near teacher o Stand near student when giving directions/ lessons o Seat student near positive role model (with L1, if possible, for clarification) o Avoid distracting stimuli o Provide peer assistance with organizational skills o Provide student with extra set of books for home o Provide student with an assignment notebook/ planner o Provide “how-to” for getting organized o Check homework daily o Set and monitor short-term goals for work completion o Assign volunteer homework buddy (w/ same L1 if possible) o Send daily/weekly progress reports to parents o Give and model how to do assignments, one at a time
Assignments
o Provide extra time to complete tasks in English o Simplify complex directions, providing picture support, if needed o Reduce reading level of assignment, or provide adaptation of text o Provide visual supports (e.g., photos, illustrations, charts) for texts to be read o Tape-record reading assignments for homework and/or review o Divide assignments into shorter segments o Allow typed assignments (computer) o Reduce complexity of homework assignments (e.g., partially completed, graphic organizers) o Reduce number of correct responses required (e.g., math problems) o Give frequent shorter quizzes; avoid long tests o Allow use of L1 to express knowledge
Lesson Presentation
o Display and orally review content and language objectives o Use a balanced literacy approach (Ex. Daily 5) o Pair students to check work (L1 peer if possible) o Write key points and directions on board in clear, neat printing (avoid cursive unless taught) o Provide peer tutoring (L1 peer for clarification) o Use wide variety of visuals and supplemental materials o Provide peer note taker o Make sure directions are understood (model frequently) o Break longer presentations into shorter segments o Provide written outline with simplified language and illustrations o Allow students to tape-record lesson o Provide repetition of academic vocabulary o Have students review key points in L1, if possible o Teach through multi-sensory modes o Use computer-aided instruction, as appropriate (L1-English translators) o Include meaningful activities for practice and application o Include final review of all objectives and key vocabulary
Behaviours
o Provide frequent, immediate, and specific academic feedback o Model self-monitoring strategies with think-alouds o Reinforce understanding of classroom expectations o Contract with student o Increase reward immediacy o Avoid lecturing reprimands o Use non-verbal cues to stay on task o Implement classroom behavior system (community of learners) o Use meaningful and specific praise related to task accomplishment o Praise specific behaviors o Allow legitimate opportunity to move about o Give rewards and privileges for appropriate behavior o Allow short breaks between assignments
Affect
o Provide reassurance and encouragement o Speak softly in a non-threatening manner o Focus on student’s talents and accomplishments o Take time to talk alone with student o Look for signs of stress build-up o Reduce work load temporarily, if needed o Allow student an opportunity to “save face” o Provide modeling for anger control o Encourage student to walk away from conflict o Complement positive behavior and work o Look for opportunity for student to display leadership role o Send positive notes home o Reinforce frequently and specifically if student is frustrated o Use mild, consistent consequences o Provide student with choices o Create a classroom that is respectful of all customs
Test Taking
o Allow open book exams o Give exams orally o Allow student to give test answers on a tape recorder o Allow student to use computer to write test answers o Give frequent short quizzes o Allow extra time for tests o Read test item for student (L1 peer tutor if possible to help with explanation) o Give more objective items, fewer essay responses to early-intermediate speakers